Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism

Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism Hong Kong tourism is one of the four pillars in its economy. With its image as a cosmopolitan city, Hong Kong has attracted millions of tourists each year. However there are tourism issues that should not be overlooked by the government and the Hong Kong Tourism Commission (HKTC) in order to develop strategies to maintain the long term sustainability of Hong Kong tourism. In this paper, a situation assessment is presented and key tourism issues are identified together with the problems associated and relevant strategies to overcome these problems identified. After the handover of Hong Kong back to the hands of China in 1997, Hong Kong developed its strong links with China. Tourism is with no exception. In 2010, Hong Kong recorded 36 million visitors with more than 60% of visitors coming from Mainland China (HKTB, 2011). This was the result of the extension of Individual Visit Scheme (IVS) and the relaxation of visa arrangement that stimulate the demand. In the coming future, demand from Chinese tourists is still in a grow. Despite the stable demand from Chinese tourists, Hong Kong faces huge challenges from nearby destinations. Hong Kong is used to have being a shopping paradise and being a MICE destination as its competitive edges, however these edges seem to be narrowing down. Hainan province in China has launched a shopping tax refund program to attract non-residents to spend in shopping (Peoples Daily, 2011). Singapore and Macau have developed casino resorts together with MICE facilities to attract business tourism. Despite all these, Hong Kong still has its advantage on its geographic location to be a gateway to China which attracts millions of people in and out of Hong Kong as a hub. Besides, Hong Kong is a cosmopolitan city and an Asias world city which contains characteristics of the West and the East, tradition and contemporary which is appealing to overseas tourists. Its financial position in Hong Kong has attracted many business travelers to come to Hong Kong for business purpose and its image of being a Shopping and Food Paradise has also attracted many leisure tourists. Though Hong Kong still has these advantages, these competitions should not be overlooked in order to strategically maintain its long term sustainability. Tourism Issue 1 Reliance on Chinese tourists In the light of the huge share of Chinese tourists in the mix of Hong Kong tourist arrivals, it is an issue of whether Hong Kong tourism should rely that much on the Chinese market. Some supporters would say the huge supply and spending of Chinese tourists has stabilized Hong Kong tourism demand. From the statistics obtained by HKTB (2011), while the numbers of short haul tourists from Taiwan and Japan and that of long haul tourists from Europe and USA declined in the past 10 years, the visitor number from Mainland China grew rapidly. It can be said that Chinese tourists have sustained Hong Kong tourism. Moreover, according to another statistics from HKTB (2011), Chinese tourists were big spenders that have accounted for 69% of the total visitors spending in 2010. All these reasons have led Hong Kong to develop tourism policy especially for this group of tourists. However, over reliance on the Chinese market would create problems as well. In case of external forces or simply the change of taste of Chinese tourist would pose difficulties for Hong Kong to maintain its visitors number. The 12th National 5-Year Plan released by the Chinese government is one of the external forces mentioned. It was the first time that Hong Kong tourism was not highlighted in the plan, instead the Chinese government intended to develop Macau as a world-class tourism and leisure center (Hong Kongs Information Services Department, 2011). With this aim, the Chinese government might be policies that favor that development of Macau tourism. In that case, more Chinese tourists would be encouraged to go to Macau instead of Hong Kong. Back to Hong Kong, cases like Ah Zhen incident that happened recently would discourage Chinese tourists to travel to Hong Kong. Ah Zhen has been accused to have damaged Hong Kongs reputation as Shopping Paradise by blaming Chinese tourists for not purchasing souvenirs from designated shops. Similar incidents have also happened after this (Wall Street Journal, 2010). These incidents would hinder more Chinese tourists to travel to Hong Kong for shopping. In the long run, this would pose challenges to Hong Kong tourism. China is a huge market that would supply sufficient demand for Hong Kong tourism, Hong Kong government should continue retaining this group of guests to come to Hong Kong. In order to achieve this, there are several recommendations to protect the interests of these guests. Firstly, the government could expand its Quality and Honest Hong Kong Tours Programme to continue strengthening Hong Kongs image as a quality and value for money destination. At the moment, the programme has been carried out in 27 Mainland cities and also in the virtual world on the Internet. Participating travel agents in the scheme have to commit that their itineraries should not contain designated shopping stops and forced shopping and forced self-paid activities. In the new expansion of the programme, the government can promote these tours together with its benefits in more cities in China. Besides, the government can also promote them more extensively via different communication channels, e.g. TV advertisement, social media, etc. Moreover, secret shopper campaign should be continued and done more extensively to spot out illegal or unethical behaviors of travel guides to maintain a satisfactory level of services. This campaign can be used to facilitate the implementation of the Quality and Honest Hong Kong Tours Programme as well to make sure the travel agencies in China and in Hong Kong if they are following the guidelines offered by Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong (TIC) and the Hong Kong Tourism Commission (HKTC). It is hoped that by this campaign, travel agencies would self regulate themselves in service delivery and provision. Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong (TIC) should develop a more regulatory system to warn and punish travel agencies or tourist guides once illegal or unethical behaviors have been spotted out. In the case of Ah Zhen, originally she was suspended from being a tour guide after the case discovered, however, after her appeal to TIC, she is now suspended for only half year. This indicates the ineffectiveness of the existing system which could allow similar incidents to happen in the future. TIC should be more careful in designing its regulatory system in order to exercise more regulatory power and punishment on Hong Kong tour operators and tour guides who have offended the rules and gives more confidence to Chinese tourists, thus remedy the bad reputation built. However, for the long term benefit of Hong Kong tourism, over focusing on one market segment could be dangerous, Hong Kong government should also find ways to attract other markets. Issue 2 Sustainability of cultural and heritage attractions In view of this and the keen competition from neighboring destinations, Hong Kong has tried its best to develop new tourism products to overcome these challenges. Cultural attractions are popular among these new attractions in recent years to improve Hong Kongs cultural image. Tsim Sha Tsui piazza and the West Kowloon Cultural District are two of the big projects that the government has under taken as new tourism attractions. Besides, the government has also emphasized in developing heritages to showcase Hong Kongs mixed culture. Examples are the former Marine Police Headquarter in Tsim Sha Tsui which has renovated to become a square 1881 Heritage and a boutique hotel named Hullett House. Another example would be the Central market which will be developed into Central Oasis and the project of revitalizing the Former Police Station is Central. One key issue that can be identified among all these projects is whether they could enhance sustainability. According to the Chief Executive in 1999 (Hong Kong Sustainable Department, 2008), the Hong Kong government would ensure a sustainable development to bring about full integration of economic and social development with conservation of environment. In order to achieve this, local participation is very important in leading to sustainable development which gives win-win situation to all parties of the society. However, one common key critics faced by the government in these big projects is lack of transparency. For example, in the case of Tsim Sha Tsui Piazza, a workshop that aims to gather opinions from different parties was subjected to question as these parties were mostly come from the government or government-related organizations (Tourism Commission, 2007). Another example is from another big project, the West Kowloon Cultural District. The management authority of the project is questioned as all of the 15 members from the authority were appointed by the government. Therefore, it is commonly believed that due to lack of transparency, the interest of the government might have affected the management. For heritage sites development, given that the Heritage Tourism Task Force was set up in 1998, it was blamed to be lack of leadership and lack of influence in the government bureaucracy (Chu and Uebegang, 2002). The essence of sustainable tourism development is how to balance different views from different parties which is actually a huge challenge that the government has to face in planning and developing tourist attractions. In order to fully implement sustainable tourism development, a bottom-up approach has to be adopted to collect more objective views from all sectors in Hong Kong so that specific needs could be satisfied and win-win situation for tourists and locals could be achieved. Cooperation with and involvement of locals or significant cultural group should be guaranteed and local community should be involved at the beginning stage of planning and operation to avoid these heritages to lose its original value, especially to the locals who have grown up with these heritage sites. It is hoped that by this approach, the integrity and authenticity of the heritage could be maintained while new elements like environmental friendly designs could be also involved in the new design. Another problem raised from sustainability is whether these new attractions could showcase the local elements. Perhaps due to the image of Hong Kong as being an international city, projecting an image of East-meet-West, attractions are often blamed to be lack of local characteristics. For example, in the case of West Kowloon Cultural District, even one of the advisory committees of the project criticized that the design is lack of local elements (HKheadline, 2011). This problem has to be dealt properly, or else every new attraction in Hong Kong would deliver similar image to tourists, especially for revitalized heritage attractions which are supposed to deliver a unique image and background knowledge of Hong Kong so that visitors could appreciate and understand more about Hong Kong. One of the solutions is to keep up with public consultations and gather opinions of the public about the kind of local culture to be included in the design of new attractions. By that, local culture could be incorporated into the design and would not be missed out. Conclusion With its strong link to China, Hong Kong relies on the supply of Chinese tourists to sustain tourism. Though the huge number of Chinese tourists remains a consistent supply, there are risks associated with it and as a government body, HKTC should develop measures to also attract other markets and diversify the profile of Hong Kong visitors. On the other hand, sustainable tourism development is often questioned due to lack of transparency and overlook of Hong Kong local elements in development new attractions. HKTC and the government should involve a more transparent public consultation and public engagement so as to guarantee a more sustainable tourism planning and development.

I Want to Coach High School Football :: Teaching Education Philosophy

I Want to Coach High School Football As I was preparing to leave high school and look for a career, I had to make an immense decision. I had to decide what field I wanted to pursue, and how to go about it. I knew I wanted to teach because it offered everything I wanted in a profession including, good benefits, decent pay, the chance to work with children, and the chance to eventually coach High School Football. No other career I found can offer all of these advantages. Although I know I want to teach there is more to the teaching profession than that. First, I have to learn the curriculum and then how to bring that material across to the students. The actual learning process comes naturally for me, but I had to stop and think about how I would bring it across once I become a teacher. This involves many aspects of my life and what I feel is important. I feel ones teaching philosophy pulls from every portion of an individuals belief system. These can include your moral and ethical beliefs, your personality, and also what you, as a teacher, feel is important for the students to learn. To me this seems to be a very big responsibility, so when I started considering my teaching philosophy, I did not take the task lightly. It seems to me that there is a very thin line between fulfilling your own expectations as a teacher, and giving the children what they need and even what they want. I decided that I as a prospective educator, found no teaching philosophy that fulfilled all of my beliefs and hopes. I felt that choosing one philosophy in its entirety was to extreme. I feel that there are parts of all of the philosophies that are excellent, but the philosophies as a whole fail the students in some aspects. That is why for me, I chose an eclectic philosophy. I broke down all of the ways of thinking and came up with my own personal philosophy to use some day when I achieve my dream of being a teacher. I feel it is very important to teach the basic skills first.

Mount Pleasant Essay

Louise Buxton’s Mount Pleasant is a very uniquely written short story, where we experience a normal day from a child perspective. It’s a modern story from 2005. The story is told in first person singular, where the narrator is a young girl whose name is Elizabeth. †(†¦) like the glue wee peel off our hands after arts and crafts hour at school with Mrs Kelly.† (p.2, l.16-17) Based on the information we know that Elizabeth goes to school, but also that she cannot be more than 6 to 8 years old. When she finds the old photograph of a boy which is a 9-10 year in a costume, we are told that she is not quite as old as he is. We know that she is a young girl, judging by her verbal skill and behavior. â€Å"With the sun in my eyes, I couldn’t see my mammy’s face, not even squinting with both arms above my head and my head tilted†. (p.2, l.22-23) The language is very descriptive and it seems as if one were looking through the eyes of a child. The short story varies from other traditional first person stories by putting the focus on a child and what a child does. Elizabeth’s focus is on everyday play, and those days are to her full of adventure and close friendships: †Lena, Little Fran, Wilf and me – playing for hours at house or working at some theatrics†. (p.5, l.152-153) Or where there is a break with everyday routines. For example, when Lena and Elizabeth discovers a business with unlimited possibilities in the form of candy and ice, until the mother puts an end to the adventure: †(†¦) raspberry ruffles and chewing nuts and chocolate raisins and liq-uorice sticks and ice cups and strawberry boot lace. We put them on Mammy’s account at first but Mammy found out after she got given a bill (†¦).† (p.4, l.92-94) The children also play ghost games, where they attempt to frighten one another by dressing up in linens and pursue one another. In several cases reveals the narrator herself as a child by acting irationaly. When Lena and Elizabeth lie in their beds and think they can hear ghosts, they pull the sheet over their heads and lie still. The reaction shows a childish logic. If they cannot see the ghost, then the ghosts cannot see them: †If I don’t move, they can’t get me.† (p.5, l.147-149) Since the perspective is a child’s, it is particularly interesting to see where the child’s perception of situations and episodes differs from that of an adult. For example, when Elizabeth thinks that the mother reknits the nuns clothes, because the  mother is good at knitting and can do it better: †(†¦) and mammy isn’t proud, she always takes them – and unravels them and knits them again, better, because she’s a good knitter, my mam†. (p.4, l.87-89) The reason is more likely that the mother does not want people to know that they have gotten the clothes from the nuns. The narrator being a child has the effect that we as readers several times pause to think about what it means. At several places in the story where Elizabeth tells about an episode where the reader has to interpret the situation, to determine whether it’s a ghosts or just the narrator’s childish imagination. It’s for example unclear in Elizabeth’s depiction of how the photograph ends up on the mantelpiece again and again: †But somehow it found its way back on top of the mantelpiece.† (p.4, l.102) Or where she feels like there is somebody sitting on the bed and watching them. The fact that the narrator is a child is very easy to see by analyzing the language. She mentions her parents with expressions such as â€Å"mammy and â€Å"daddy†. The little brother, George William she calls â€Å"babby†. The language is characterized by an absence of literary language. An example of this is where she says that their hands are â€Å"(†¦) lickity-stickity†. (p.5, l. 121-122) She invents her own expressions, which results in the story being poor in traditional imagery like comparisons and metaphors. The imagery used is mainly related to the child’s imagination. For example when she feels uncomfortable in her clothes she says: † I’m all blowed up like an old frog.† (p.2, l.12) Another interesting thing is how the sounds in the house are described. Elizabeth perceives the sounds caused by the wind to be scary, and describes it with the use of personification. The short story takes place in an environment that Elizabeth knows well, which is at their house, Mount Pleasant. We don’t hear much about the world outside the neighborhood, or thoughts that exceed it. This is of course because she is a child who is not involved in it. â€Å"We know the roads around Mount Pleasant pretty well now. And everybody knows me and Lena.† (p.4, l.83-84) The tittle of the short story Mount Pleasant, which is the name of their house, indicates how safe and merry their life is, and stands as a stark contrast to the spookiness. Mount Pleasant can be seen as a symbol of childhood joys and play. Her childhood eventually gives in to a more mature and realistic  perception of reality. When Elizabeth throws the photograph in the fireplace, it seems as if she actively tries to fight her fear. She might think that the deceased boy had something to do with the ghost. She goes to bed, and the tension builds up and gets stronger and stronger until she finds out that there is nobody there at all. Elizabeth takes a small step towards becoming an adult; she finds out that there are no connections between the photo, the scary sounds and the deceased boy.

Top 12 Resume Writing Tips for 2012

Top 12 Resume Writing Tips for 2012 In February 2012, the Career Thought Leaders Consortium published their Findings of the 2011 Global Career Brainstorming Day: Trends for the Now, the New the Next in Careers. My particular interest lies in resume trends, and you as my readers expect me to be up to date on these matters!   Here are the Top 12 findings in the resume category from the best of the best in the career industry: 1. Resumes are not dead! Every job seeker still needs one to present to employers, recruiters and network contacts. That said, the LinkedIn profile is becoming as important if not more important as an entry point and must be crafted to complement, NOT duplicate, the information in the resume. 2. Brevity Reigns The 3-page resume, however, is going extinct. Keep your resume succinct and preferably to one or two pages, even if you are a high-level executive. This means concise writing, short paragraphs, brief lists of bullet points, and good organization and branding to assist the reader in quickly assessing your strengths. The top third of the first page is prime real estate. 3. Extra Extra! Leverage Addenda Addenda are welcome attachments to short resumes when you have additional accomplishments to convey that did not make it onto the two-pager. 4. Keep it Chronological Stay away from functional resumes. Hybrids are okay but reverse-chronological resumes are still the preferred format for recruiters and hiring managers. 5. Smart-phone Savvy Keep in mind that some people will be reading your resume on their phones. This means you need good headlines and a compelling top third to half of the resume to encourage scrolling down. 6. RoboResumes Keep ATS systems in mind. Make sure your resume is formatted properly to make it through the system. For more on ATS formatting, check out my article, How to Write a Resume that Beats the Computers. 7. Retro Resumes Resume paper is still in style for when you present your resume in person! And it’s â€Å"retro† – you can send your resume in an actual envelope and perhaps get some positive attention for taking the time to do so in this email-centric world. 8. Hyperlink it! Put links on your resume. QR codes are becoming popular, as well as other URLs that link to additional material about the job seeker. 9. Be human Don’t skip the community service, continuing education, civic background, etc. Your character is being evaluated more than ever! And you are encouraged to put a testimonial on your resume. Why say it yourself when you can have someone else say it for you? 10. There’s no one-size fits all. You need a different resume for each position you apply for, and then you need separate versions for the recruiter, the hiring manager, and the ATS software. How overwhelming can that be? That’s what career professionals and resume writers are here for. Hopefully we can make the process just a bit less overwhelming. 11. Vital Stats You don’t need to include your street address in your resume header anymore! DO include your LinkedIn URL, web address if you have one, your city and state, ONE phone number and ONE email address. 12. Ever heard of Twitrez? If you are media-savvy, you may have used the Twitrez tool to communicate your value proposition in a series of 10 tweets, 140 characters each. The idea is that each message can stand on its own and the combined 1400 characters â€Å"create a cohesive overview of a candidate’s core qualifications and value.† Or maybe you’ve tweeted your twesume? I can see what’s next for The Essay Expert – it’s writing Twitter resumes!   Stay tuned†¦

Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report Essays

Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report Essays Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report Paper Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report Paper Controlled Variable: The number of dominoes used (8 dominoes), the distance between the dominoes (2 CM), the loads used as the initial force applied on the amino (egg), the inclined plane used as a platform that will direct the load to hit the first domino (200), the stopwatch used to time the domino effect, the person using the stopwatch, the person releasing the metal weight from the top of the inclined plane, the ruler used to measure the distance between the dominoes. Equipment 1 Inclined Plane 1 (50 g) Metal Weight 4 x 8 (20 g) Metal weight 8 Dominoes (Nun Stacks) 1 Digital Mass Balance (i 0. 1 g) 1 Masking Tape 1 Protractor 1 Ruler 1 Stopwatch (Â ± 0. 01 s) -34290039687500Diagram Analysis of Variables Independent Variable: The mass of the dominoes will vary ranging from 12. 38 g to 82. 38 g. The increase between each of the variable will be constantly 20 g, to satisfy the range of the mass; the original mass of the domino is 12. 38 g, and an additional mass from a 20 g of load will be attached on top of the domino for every change in variable. Dependent Variable: In accordance to the mass for every variable, the time taken of the domino effect to be completed (1st hit to the 8th fall) will also differ. Therefore, the time taken of the domino effect will depend on the change of mass of the dominoes. A stopwatch will be utilized to record the time of the chain of falling dominoes. Controlled Variable: Identified Variables Possible Impact on Results Specific Method for Control Distance between each center point of domino (2 CM) If the distance between each center point of domino differs for every domino in each trial, the time taken of the falling effect will also differ. Making the distance between each domino the same will create the energy transfer from one domino to another domino to be the same as well. The energy transfer will take a certain time, therefore the stance between each domino must be kept constant so that the time taken will not be altered, thus creating a consistent and valid data. The distance between the dominoes (2 CM) will be measured with a 15 CM ruler. To ensure the exact placement of the domino, a masking tape will be used to mark the center point. Number of dominoes (8) The difference in the number of dominoes used for each trials will definitely affect the time taken to complete the domino effect. The greater the amount of dominoes used, the longer the time taken to complete the effect. Similarly, using a smaller amount of domino results in faster falling time. Thus using inconsistent number of dominoes will likely cause invalid comparison between data points to occur. 8 dominoes will be used for the entire experiment. Mass of the metal weight (500 g) If the mass of the metal weight is different, this will affect the initial force acting upon the domino, and ultimately this will increase or decrease the rate of the falling domino, or it might not even budge the dominoes at all. The same metal weight will be utilized for he entire experiment. Angle between the base and the inclined ramp (200) The angle of the ramp also impacts the placement of the metal weight that acts as the trigger to push the dominoes. If the angle of the ramp is not kept constant, the potential energy stored in the metal weight will be different, thus when it is set into motion, the force that will hit the domino will not be the same. This will then interfere the consistency of the data. The angle of 200 will be set by using a protractor. Type of inclined plane Even though friction is neglected in his experiment, by using a different type of inclined plane, the acceleration of the metal weight will be slightly modified, thus the initial force exerted by the metal weight on the domino will also be altered. The same wooden plane will be utilized for the entire experiment. Starting point of the metal weight If the starting point of the ball is inconsistent, the force applied on to the dominoes will also be inconsistent, thus altering the overall data. The place where the ball will be released will be marked by a masking tape. Placement of the dominoes In order to ensure that the domino effect will move smoothly without any obstruction, the dominoes must be placed neatly in a straight line. This will avoid interruption for the time taken for the domino effect to be completed. A ruler will be used to ensure that the dominoes are placed in a straight line. Digital Mass Balance Different digital measurement tools have different calibration. Therefore, it is a crucial aspect to use the same digital mass balance for every trial because this will help create a trend in the data that is accurate and precise.

Overview of Contractual Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Overview of Contractual Risk Management - Essay Example These factors are even prevailing when it comes to upstream oil and gas operations. A typical example of such factors has to do with contractual risk management. Generally, contractual risk management has to do with an integrated process and responsibility of reviewing, analyzing and evaluating contractual risks of pending agreements so that once the agreements are executed, there would not have any repelling risk effects for the parties involved (Taverne, 2008, p. 32). Upstream oil and gas operations is one that is commonly plagued with series of disaster based occurrences that put upstream companies in so much risk of facing liabilities. It is in this direction that both operators and contractors, mainly the government has involved each other the signing of contracts that seek to protect the interest of all people involved. Even though on from a broader perspective, it would be seen as a great idea that there are contractual risks, the absence of an effective and efficient manageme nt system would result in a situation whereby the contract favors one side to the detriment of the other and it is for this reason that contractual risk management is always important. ... ncentrate so much on contractual liabilities whereby there is an adjustment in the liabilities that defaulting companies pay (Gordon and Paterson, 2011, p. 232). The cause of the changes has also panned around two major factors. In the first instance, economic disposition has been identified as a strong factor that influences the contract landscape. Often times, when the market is weak in terms of falling global prices of oil, suppliers most cases become highly desperate towards their work and strive to overcome their negotiating position as they often have weaker negotiating positions at such times when the market is weak. Subsequently, oil and gas companies would be highly defensive on the liabilities involved in the contracts they enter into. Such weak markets is characterized by low revenues and profits for the oil and gas companies and so the best ways they try to stay within their means of operation is to avoid further risks including contractual risks. Apart from the strength of the market, events of increasing oil spills and other forms of upstream oil and gas accidents and disasters also affect the contract landscape. A typical example of this can be cited with the Macondo incident in the Gulf of Mexico, which resulted in several concerns from stakeholders of the type of risks that upstream oil and gas companies should be dealing. Certainly, during such times, contractors become defensive by increasing liabilities associated with prevailing risks. Role of Operators and Contractors Ideally, in the effect of contract risk, there are two major sides of stakeholders identified. These sides are operators and contractors. As expected, the operators are the upstream oil and gas companies who take up the responsibility and task of drilling and transporting oil and gas

Investigation Of A Turner Circuit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Investigation Of A Turner Circuit - Essay Example The lab report is detailed on the testing as well the design used in the construction of a tuner circuit. Being that students are supposed to actively take part in the practical in terms of setting frequencies before checking output waveforms, they become better at understanding the operation of the tuner circuit. In this report, therefore, emphasis is on assessing a tuner circuit in order to understand its features better. A circuit allowing an output only at a given frequency forms a tuner circuit. The use of a turner circuit is mainly in the communications industry for selecting of channels. Besides, it plays the role of a sub-system in that it concerts selected carrier frequency as well as its bandwidth into a fixed frequency that is in turn proper in processing from the received radio frequencies (RF). The AM/FM broadcast transmissions then feed the demodulator with the intermediate frequency (IF) and the demodulator in turn converts the radio signal into audio-frequency signals that enable driving a loudspeaker. Applications of wider frequency bandwidth are in transmissions that are more complicated such as DVB-S/DVB-T/DVB-D in digital TV, PAL/NTSC in TV and DAB for digital radio. Frequency bandwidths are equally transmitted as IFs with the use of several sub-carriers in the receiver. If the whole bandwidth undergoes sampling with A/D at a faster rate, the sub-carrier processing takes place (Learn about Electronics.com, 2011). The expected rate is at least twice the IF frequency.